Capillary electrophoresis 

CE is a family of electrokinetic separation methods performed in submillimeter diameter capillaries and in micro- and nanofluidic channels.

Very often, CE refers to capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), but other electrophoretic techniques including capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE),

 capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF), capillary isotachophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) belong also to this class of methods.

 In CE methods, analytes migrate through electrolyte solutions under the influence of an electric field.

Analytes can be separated according to ionic mobility and/or partitioning into an alternate phase via non-covalent interactions. Additionally, analytes may be concentrated or "focused" by means of gradients in conductivity and pH.

Capillary electrophoresis may be used for the simultaneous determination of the ions NH4+,Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ in saliva.

Gas chromatography 

GC is a common type of chromatography used in analytical chemistry for separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition.

Typical uses of GC include testing the purity of a particular substance, or separating the different components of a mixture (the relative amounts of such components can also be determined).

In some situations, GC may help in identifying a compound. In preparative chromatography, GC can be used to prepare pure compounds from a mixture.

Professionals working with GC analyze the content of a chemical product, for example in assuring the quality of products in the chemical industry; or measuring toxic substances in soil, air or water.

GC is very accurate if used properly and can measure picomoles of a substance in a 1 ml liquid sample, or parts-per-billion concentrations in gaseous samples.

High-performance liquid chromatography 

HPLC formerly referred to as high-pressure liquid chromatography is a technique in analytical chemistry used to separate, identify, and quantify each component in a mixture.

 It relies on pumps to pass a pressurized liquid solvent containing the sample mixture through a column filled with a solid adsorbent material.

Each component in the sample interacts slightly differently with the adsorbent material, causing different flow rates for the different components and leading to the separation of the components as they flow out of the column.

Atomic absorption spectroscopy

AAS and atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is a spectroanalytical procedure for the quantitative determination of chemical elements using the absorption of optical radiation (light) by free atoms in the gaseous state. Atomic absorption spectroscopy is based on absorption of light by free metallic ions.

In analytical chemistry the technique is used for determining the concentration of a particular element (the analyte) in a sample to be analyzed.

AAS can be used to determine over 70 different elements in solution, or directly in solid samples via electrothermal vaporization and is used in pharmacology, biophysics and toxicology research.

Spectrofluorometer

A spectrofluorometer is an instrument which takes advantage of fluorescent properties of some compounds in order to provide information regarding their concentration and chemical environment in a sample.

A certain excitation wavelength is selected, and the emission is observed either at a single wavelength, or a scan is performed to record the intensity versus wavelength, also called an emission spectra. The instrument is used in fluorescence spectroscopy.